RAM model is associated with Sister Callista Roy who developed the nursing model while at the University of California. It was officially launched and published in the year 1970 (Akyil, & Ergüney, 2013). It is based on adaptation theory credited to Harry Helson. It is among the most popular frameworks applied in improving the nursing sector. The term adaptation as applied in the conceptual model refers to the procedural or step by step processes as well as its corresponding results. It involves understanding various people as individuals or as a group through applying awareness as well as choices during the process of creating acceptable integration between human and environment (Akyil, & Ergüney, 2013).
They occur from the previous and affect the reaction to action. The adaptation process is categorized into two namely regulator subsystems and cognition subsystem. Cognition adaptation subsystem involves responses through neural systems, chemical components as well as endocrine systems (Clarke, Barone, Hanna, & Senesac, 2015). It responds to various internal and external features of surrounding which act as inputs. The other adaptation process is the connector subsystem. It is based on channels m that induce emotions such as perceptual data and information processing, learned knowledge, judging, and attitude (Clarke, Barone, Hanna, & Senesac, 2015). Perceptual data and information processing includes tasks such as paying attention while selecting, encoding, coding information, and storing information. Learned knowledge adaptation involves imitating particular behaviors, experiencing reinforcement, as well encountering incite from others (Clarke, Barone, Hanna, & Senesac, 2015). Judging and attitude involve adapting through decision making and solving an existing problem.
Roy Adaptation model covers three types of environment stimuli through the following perspectives focal, contextual residue stimulus. A focal stimulus is applied in nursing situations where internal and external factors require the creation of awareness to specific individuals or groups (Dobratz, 2014). An aspect of consciousness is considered. A contextual stimulus affects the process in which individual’s deals with focal stimuli. It is applied in situations where current factors affecting nursing sector occur because of factors acting from within or outside and are directly or indirectly affecting focal stimuli (Perrett, 2017). The other factor is the residue stimulus, which is usually applied in the nursing profession in situations that affect human, are outside the human scope. It is mainly applied in a situation having unclear issues or unclear attentions because of lack of enough awareness (Frederickson, 2014).
Roy Adaptation model is the most appropriate in analyzing nursing issues. It provides detailed information guaranteeing effective and efficient bi-level assessment as well as problem-solving through assessing behaviors. It provides an essential feature and factors contributing to specific behavior as observed in initial assessment especially, that which provokes a certain response (Oliveira, Lopes, & Araujo, 2016). Ram Provides an interrelated flow of analysis that guarantee effective and efficient clinical assessments and intervention. All the research variables required are incorporated to guide researchers have a comparative influence based on aspects of the research study. All the environments are considered to guide researchers in the nursing profession. The Roy framework is an internationally acceptable framework, which is usually applied in different nursing colleges (Akyil, & Ergüney, 2013). It supports the hypothesis tested through enabling the researchers to improve nursing practices. It has clear support and provides consistent operation with all applied theories, objectives, aims, and principles. It supports requirements of the thesis statement as required in the proposals.
Theory X and Y
Theory X and Y is associated with Douglas McGregor’s. It was developed in 1960 with an objective of defining boundaries of governance, leadership, management, controlling and directing. It involves studying individuals ways of conduct mostly driven by personal attitude. The results obtained provides effective and efficient methodologies for improving motivation factors. It is based on personal perspective on how the master views the subjects in a working environment. Theory X and Y mostly covers the general scope of all employees. It was developed using principles applied in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (Wallgren, 2013). Theory X is base on the needs considered as lower level and classified within the lower ranks of the individual requirements. Theory Y takes up the requirements and needs to be classified as higher level needs and considers employees power more valuable, significant and of better use than any other considerations (Scott, & Mitchell, 2015).
Theory X
The principles of Theory X states that human being is naturally lazy. They were born inactive and thus their way of doing things is characterized by the negative attitude towards work. It defines human esteem in leadership as one who is not ambitious, rejects roles, avoids responsibilities and always prefers a third party individual to lead or initialize a particular progress (Noland, 2014). It explains the personality of employees as self-centered and always as a form of liability in an organization. Theory X regards human existence within a firm as the major cause of underdevelopment, limiting progress, and prevents growth through being the overall resistant to any particular change suggested. Human is also considered food and lack of understanding for most of the events. They lack intelligence and enough knowledge to apply within the process of working (Scott,& Mitchell, 2015).
Theory Y
Theory Y takes human beings as individuals who require a specific directive for the to effectively and efficiently implement tasks without being followed, surveyed, supervised or constantly monitored. It argues that human beings demand a common drive such as goals, objectives, aims, targets and missions defined by higher executives for them to accomplish them effectively (Wallgren, 2013). Theory Y states that human beings can motivate themselves to perform effectively as well as control themselves within the working environment. The theory dictates that all working staff find their duties, responsibilities, roles and tasks enjoyable and naturally interesting thus taking it as a form of leisure, game or a way of resting. It considers that people are characterized by attributes such as dealing with upcoming problems and providing a lasting solution to challenges that encounter then during working environment. It considers employees as individuals with talents and powers of maintaining personal plan schedule as well as a form of a timetable to accomplish organization aims, objectives, and goals (Yang, Shi, & Yang, 2013). It values employees as people born being active and hardworking in any task. Theory Y is based on specific motivation features and improvements that can be applied to provide incentives and directives during the working session. It majors on elements of inducing more power and activeness to the employees (Yang, Shi, & Yang, 2013). It forms the basis and methods applied in motivating employees through the provision of incentives as well as more training.
References
Akyil, R. C., & Ergüney, S. (2013). Roy’s adaptation model-guided education for adaptation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69, 5, 1063-1075.
Clarke, P., Barone, S., Hanna, D., & Senesac, P. (2015). Roy’s Adaptation Model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24, 4, 337-344.
Dobratz, M. (2014). Moving Nursing Science Forward Within the Framework of the Roy Adaptation Model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 21, 3, 255-259.
Frederickson, K. (2014). Nursing knowledge development through research: using the Roy adaptation model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13, 1, 12-6.
Noland, C. (2014). Teaching Theory X and Theory Y in Organizational Communication. Communication Teacher, 28, 3, 145-149.
Oliveira, T. C., Lopes, M. V. O., & Araujo, T. L. (2016). Physiologic mode of Sister Callista Roy adaptation model: reflexive analysis according to Meleis. Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 5, 1.).
Perrett, S. (2017). Review of Roy Adaptation Model-Based Qualitative Research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20, 4, 349-356.
Scott, W. G., & Mitchell, T. R. (2015). Organization theory: A structural and behavioral analysis. Homewood, Ill: R.D. Irwin.
Wallgren, L. G. (2013). Theory Y Embedded in Theory X: The Limited Role of Autonomy in Decreasing Perceived Stress among IT Consultants. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (ijhcitp), 4, 4, 1-17.
Yang, X., Shi, Y., & Yang, B. (2013). General framework of the construction of biorthogonal wavelets based on Bernstein bases: theory analysis and application in image compression. Iet Computer Vision, 5, 1, 50.
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